all things to do with diabetes obesity and metabolism
July 15, 2018, Dr Chee L Khoo
Diabetes can be diagnosed if fasting glucose is >7.0 mmol/L, 2 hour post prandial > 11.0 mmol/L and/or HbA1c >6.5. However, clinical guidelines recommend that we repeat testing within a “short period of time” to reduce the possibility of a false positive result. Sometimes, repeat testing may not be possible or not uncommonly, patients may be lost to follow up.…
July 1st, 2018, Dr Chee L Khoo
With early diagnosis and improved treatment, many of our cancer patients have increased survival. You may already have noticed that many of our patients being managed in the multi-disciplinary oncology units are routinely promoting healthy lifestyles. Chronic co-morbidities including diabetes and cardiovascular diseases not only affect quality of life in these survivors but are the major cause of non-cancerous mortality in cancer patients.…
June 15, 2018, Dr Chee L Khoo 
Insulin secretion is augmented by incretins following oral glucose intake. In healthy individuals, incretins are responsible for 70% of insulin secretion. However, in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), the incretin effect is significantly blunted thereby affecting glucose control. Glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)s are the most studied of the incretins.…
June 15, 2018, Dr Chee L Khoo
In primary care, we have to battle with the increasing incidence of obesity amongst our patients. We also have to battle with the patients with depression where anti-depressants are increasingly being prescribed. Obesity is associated with depression, which is particularly common in patients with severe obesity. Antidepressant treatment may also add on to our patients’ weight.…
June 1, 2018, Dr Chee L Khoo
What? So many different types of T2D!
Have you noticed that your patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are a heterogeneous group? Some T2D patients are more insulin resistant than others. Some T2D patients are more insulin deficient than others. These tend to be the younger T2D. Some patients are obese and some are not.…
May 15, 2018, Dr Chee L Khoo
Unless you have experienced a severe hypoglycaemia, you don’t actually appreciate the petrifying effects it has on your patients. In addition to increased morbidity and mortality, it is associated with a reduction in health-related quality of life, increased fear and anxiety, reduced productivity and increased healthcare costs through increased utilisation of healthcare resources and blood glucose monitoring.…
May 15, 2018, Dr Chee L Khoo
You probably think that insulin pump (so-called continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or CSII) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) are all to do with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in diabetes centres and you probably don’t need to know about it, you are probably right. Well, almost. I mean, how often do you come across CGM and CSII in general practice?…
May 1, 2018 Dr Chee L Khoo
When I wrote the article last fortnight about new SLT2 inhibitor/DPP4 inhibitor combo now on the PBS, the situation was still very confused. Since that article, more information has come to light. Yes, we are allowed to use both DPP4 inhibitors (DPP4i) and SLGT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) together when patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) if the HbA1c is >7.0%.…
April 15, 2018, Dr Chee L Khoo
To get our patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) to glycaemic target using oral agents, you can either use an SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) or a DPP4 inhibitor DPP4i) after metformin (with or without a sulphonylurea) but not both. If you stop a DPP4 inhibitor to start a SGLT2ior vice versa, in general, the HbA1c remain unchanged.…
April 2018, Dr Chee L Khoo
Another day, another study published on the good or bad about metformin use in pregnancy. There is a lot of confusion and unknowns about the benefit or safety of metformin to the mother-to-be or to the long-term outcome of the baby. When there is a lot of conflicting data coming our way, we need to sit back and look at the overall picture of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy and its management before we can make sense of these studies.…
April 2018, Dr Chee L Khoo
Multi-disciplinary care (MDC) is often hailed as THE comprehensive management for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We refer these patients to podiatrists, exercise physios, dietitians, diabetes educators and sometimes, endocrinologists. Now, that is MDC, isn’t it? We are part of the MDC team. Do we see the benefit that is often hailed from MDC?…
April 2018, Dr Chee L Khoo
Ketogenesis is the production of ketone bodies (KB) when glucose levels decline and the glucagon:insulin ratio is high. When the body is deprived of glucose, KB act as an alternative fuel source for brain, heart, kidneys and skeletal muscles. KB have also been shown to have other physiological functions including lower glucose levels.
To understand the potential therapeutic implications of KB, we need to revise our knowledge about KB metabolism.…